特殊方法
Python 使用 __
开头的名字来定义特殊的方法和属性,它们有:
__init__()
__repr__()
__str__()
__call__()
__iter__()
__add__()
__sub__()
__mul__()
__rmul__()
__class__
__name__
构造方法 __init__()
之前说到,在产生对象之后,我们可以向对象中添加属性。事实上,还可以通过构造方法,在构造对象的时候直接添加属性:
In [1]:
class Leaf(object):
"""
A leaf falling in the woods.
"""
def __init__(self, color='green'):
self.color = color
默认属性值:
In [2]:
leaf1 = Leaf()
print leaf1.color
green
传入有参数的值:
In [3]:
leaf2 = Leaf('orange')
print leaf2.color
orange
回到森林的例子:
In [4]:
import numpy as np
class Forest(object):
""" Forest can grow trees which eventually die."""
def __init__(self):
self.trees = np.zeros((150,150), dtype=bool)
self.fires = np.zeros((150,150), dtype=bool)
我们在构造方法中定义了两个属性 trees
和 fires
:
In [5]:
forest = Forest()
forest.trees
Out[5]:
array([[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False],
[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False],
[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False],
...,
[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False],
[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False],
[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False]], dtype=bool)
In [6]:
forest.fires
Out[6]:
array([[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False],
[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False],
[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False],
...,
[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False],
[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False],
[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False]], dtype=bool)
修改属性的值:
In [7]:
forest.trees[0,0]=True
forest.trees
Out[7]:
array([[ True, False, False, ..., False, False, False],
[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False],
[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False],
...,
[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False],
[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False],
[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False]], dtype=bool)
改变它的属性值不会影响其他对象的属性值:
In [8]:
forest2 = Forest()
forest2.trees
Out[8]:
array([[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False],
[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False],
[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False],
...,
[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False],
[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False],
[False, False, False, ..., False, False, False]], dtype=bool)
事实上,__new__()
才是真正产生新对象的方法,__init__()
只是对对象进行了初始化,所以:
leaf = Leaf()
相当于
my_new_leaf = Leaf.__new__(Leaf)
Leaf.__init__(my_new_leaf)
leaf = my_new_leaf
表示方法 __repr__()
和 __str__()
In [9]:
class Leaf(object):
"""
A leaf falling in the woods.
"""
def __init__(self, color='green'):
self.color = color
def __str__(self):
"This is the string that is printed."
return "A {} leaf".format(self.color)
def __repr__(self):
"This string recreates the object."
return "{}(color='{}')".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.color)
__str__()
是使用 print
函数显示的结果:
In [10]:
leaf = Leaf()
print leaf
A green leaf
__repr__()
返回的是不使用 print
方法的结果:
In [11]:
leaf
Out[11]:
Leaf(color='green')
回到森林的例子:
In [12]:
import numpy as np
class Forest(object):
""" Forest can grow trees which eventually die."""
def __init__(self, size=(150,150)):
self.size = size
self.trees = np.zeros(self.size, dtype=bool)
self.fires = np.zeros((self.size), dtype=bool)
def __repr__(self):
my_repr = "{}(size={})".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.size)
return my_repr
def __str__(self):
return self.__class__.__name__
In [13]:
forest = Forest()
__str__()
方法:
In [14]:
print forest
Forest
__repr__()
方法:
In [15]:
forest
Out[15]:
Forest(size=(150, 150))
__name__
和 __class__
为特殊的属性:
In [16]:
forest.__class__
Out[16]:
__main__.Forest
In [17]:
forest.__class__.__name__
Out[17]:
'Forest'